File AttributesEverything in Linux is a file. Every file in Linux has a set of attributes attached - this includes ownership, read/write/execute permissions and special flags. By the way, a directory is a special file. A file can belong to an individual and a group. Only individual or the group with ownership can change the permissions on the file.
Read/Write/Execute permissions defined access for owner/group/others. So a file can be protected from accidental overwrite by taking off the write permission, either for the owner, group or others(everyone else). root user is the exception to the rule, root can change everything.